PDMS SAMPLES..

PDMS TUTORIALS.....

PDMS TUTORIALS...

PIPING STRESS

There are five basic factors that influence piping and therefore piping stress in the process plant. There is temperature, pressure, weight, force and vibration. These factors will come in many forms and at different times. Stress problems become all the more complex because two or more of these will exist at the same time in the same piping system. The main objective of the focus when dealing with problems related to piping systems is not normally the pipe itself. In a very high percentage of the time it is not the pipe that is the weakest link. Note this: the pipe is normally stronger and/or less vulnerable to damage than what the pipe is connected to. Pumps are just one examples of equipment to which pipes are routinely connected. Misalignment problems caused by expansion (or contraction) in a poorly designed system can result in major equipment failure. Equipment failures can lead to the potential for fire, plant shutdown and loss of revenue. At this point it should be emphasized that the success (or failure) of the plant’s operation, years down the road can and will depend on what is done up front by all the members of the design team during the design stage. An important point to remember, “While analysis cannot create a good design, it can confirm a good design”(Improved Pump Load Evaluation,” Hydrocarbon Processing, April 1998, By: David W. Diehl, COADE Engineering Software, Inc Houston, TX). On the other hand, proper analysis will identify bad design and potential problems in a piping system design.

Stress Related Design Factors

Temperatures in piping systems may range from well over 1000^o F (537.8 C) on the high side to below -200 ^o F (-128.8 C) on the low side. Each extreme on the temperature scale and everything in between brings its own problems. There will also be times when both high and low temperatures can occur in the same piping system. An example of this would be in piping that is installed in an arctic environment. The piping is installed outdoors where it is subjected to -100 ^o F (-73.3 C) over the arctic winter. Six to nine months later it is finally commissioned started up and may operate at five or six hundred degrees.

The problems that temperature causes is expansion (or contraction) in the piping system. Expansion or contraction in a piping system is an absolute. No matter what the designer or the stress engineer does they cannot prevent the action caused by heat or cold. Expansion or contraction in a piping system it self is not so much a problem. As we all know if a bare pipe was just lying on the ground in the middle of a dry barren desert it will absorb a lot of heat from just solar radiation. In the hot sun piece of pipe can reached 150 ^o F (65.5 C). The pipe will expand and with both ends loose it would not be a problem. However, when you connect the pipe to something, even if only one end is connected you may begin to have expansion related problems. When the pipe is anchored or connected to something at both ends you absolutely will have expansion induced problems. Expansion induced problems in a piping system is stress. There are a number of ways to handle expansion in piping systems. Flexible routing is the first and by far the cheapest and safest method for handling expansion in piping systems. The other way is the use of higher cost and less reliable flexible elements such as expansion joints.

Stress will exist in every piping system. If not identified and the proper action taken, stress will cause failure to equipment or elements in the piping system itself. Stress results in forces at equipment nozzles and at anchor pipe supports. Two piping configurations with the same pipe size, shape, dimensions, temperature and material but with different wall schedules (sch. 40 vs. sch. 160) will not generate the same stress.

Force in piping systems is not independent of the other factors. Primarily, force (as related to piping systems) is the result of expansion (temperature) and/or pressure acting on a piping configuration that is too stiff. This may cause the failure of a pipe support system or it may cause the damage or failure of a piece of equipment. Force, and the expansion that causes it, is best handled by a more flexible routing of the piping. Some people suggest that force can be reduced by the use of expansion joints. However we must remember that for an expansion joint to work there must be an opposite and equal force at both ends to make the element work. This tends to compound the problem rather than lessen it.

Pressure in piping systems also range from the very high to the very low. Piping systems with pressure as high as 35,000 psi in some plants are not unusual. On the other hand piping systems with pressures approaching full vacuum are also not unusual. The pressure (or lack of) in a piping system effects the wall thickness of the pipe. When you increase the wall thickness of the pipe you do two things. First, you increase the weight of the pipe. Second, you increase the stiffness of the pipe thus the stress intensification affecting forces. Increasing the wall thickness of the pipe is the primary method of compensating for increases in pressure. Other ways, depending on many factors include changing to a different material. With low or vacuum systems there are also other ways to prevent the collapse of the pipe wall. Among these the primary method is the addition of stiffening rings. Stiffing rings may be added internally or externally depending on the commodity type and the conditions.

Weight in a piping system is expressed normally as dead load. The weight of a piping system at any given point is made up of many elements. These include the weight of the pipe, the fittings, the valves, any attachments, and the insulation. There is also the test media (e. g. hydrotest water) or the process commodity whichever has the greater specific gravity. Piping systems are heavy, period. Everybody involved in the project needs to understand this and be aware that this weight exists and it needs to be supported. Ninety-nine times out of a hundred this weight will be supported from a structural pipe support (primary pipe support system) of some kind. However there are times when the piping (weight) is supported from a vessel or other type of equipment.

Vibrations will also occur in piping systems and come in two types. There is the basic mechanical vibration caused by the machines that the piping is connected to. Then, there is acoustic (or harmonic) vibration caused by the characteristics of the system itself. Typically the only place severe vibrations will be found is in piping connected to equipment such as positive displacement reciprocating pumps or high pressure multi-stage reciprocating compressors and where there is very high velocity gas flows.

Author:James O. Pennock is a former Piper with more than 45 years experience covering process plant engineering, design, training, pipe fabrication and construction. He is now retired and lives in Florida, USA.

GIS INTERVIEW QUESTIONS...

1. Define ArcObjects -  click here for answer
2. What are applications of ArcGIS Desktop – Ans: ArcMap, ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox
3. A __________ class represents objects that can be created directly.
4. A __________ class cannot be used to create new objects, but it is a specification for sub classes
5. A __________ can’t directly create new objects, but objects of a class can be created as a property of another class or by functions from another class.
6. What is the basic difference between a command and a tool? – A MUST question
7. Name the object that is first created when ArcMap starts running
8. An instance of ArcCatalog has _____ number of templates associated with it by default.
9. How many instances of an extension can exist per running application
10. The _________ interface is implemented in order to create a configurable extension allowing users to toggle its enabled state.
11. Which of the following the default renderer object when a new feature class is loaded?
12. Which is the interface to which a renderer object can be assigned directly?
13. Name the interface that can be used to do editing in ArcObjects
14. Name the interface that can be used to create a new feature?
16. Define Domain. What are different types of domain
17. Which is the interface that is used to find a specific version provided its name as string
18. ___________ merges the current edit version with the target version
19. What is different between direct connection and through SDE connection?
20. Define versioning and list its main events
21. How will release com objects.
22. If you want to update ‘n’ number of features in featureclass which interface will you use (performance wise)
23. What is Callback in ArcGIS Server?
24. Explain security model employed in ArcGIS Server . Whats new in 9.3?
25. What is projection ?
26. What are different projection systems and what is difference between projected coordinated system and geographic coordinate system
27. What is a scale.?
28. What is geocoding?
29. What is reverse geocoding?
30. What is geo-referencing?
31. What is geo-processing?
32. What is ArcSDE. What is database which you used?.
33. If two persons updating the particular row of the table in database?. How does the system work?.
34. How do you load data into SDE?
35. How will create a SDE view?
36. What is an interface to implemented for callback ?
37. What is difference between queryfilter and querydef?, when to use ?
38. Difference between IFeatureLayer and Layer
39. What is generic class used to hold a set of properties for database connection?
40. Whether every controls in Web ADF has a property “CallBackresults”?
41. Give few command line ArcSDE commands?
42. Difference beteween personal geodatabase and enterprise geodatabase
43. What is ASP.NET AJax model used in ArcGIS Server 9.3 and 9.3
44. What is BLOB?
45. What is difference between Overriding and overloading
46. Difference between abstract class and interface
47. What is GPS ?

UNIT CONVERTER...

Acceleration

foot/second², meter/second², gal, galileo, inch/second²

• 1 m/s² = 3.28084 ft/s² = 100 cm/s² = 39.37 inch per second squared (inch/s²)
• 1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s² = 30.48 cm/s²
• 1 g = 9.80665 m/s² = 32.17405 ft/s²

Angle

• 1 circle = 360 degrees = 400 grades = 21600 minutes = 6.28318 radians = 12 signs
• 1 circumference = 360 degrees = 6.28318 radians
• 1 radian = 0.15915 circumference = 57.29578 degree = 3437.747 minute = 0.63662 quadrant = 0.15915 revolution = 206265 second

Area

acre, are, barn, sq.ft., sq.in., foot², hectare, inch², mile², section, meter², township, yard², hectares

• 1 m² = 1550 in² = 10.764 ft² = 1.1968 yd² = 3.861x10^-7 mile²
• 1 ft² = 0.0929 m² = 144 in² = 0,1111 yd² = 3.587x10^-8 mile²
• 1 in² = 6.452 cm² = 6.452x10^-4 m² = 6.944x10^-3 ft² = 7.716x10^-4 yd² = 2.491x10^-10 mile²
• 1 yd² = 0.8361 m² = 1,296 in² = 9 ft² = 0.3228x10^-6 mile²
• 1 mile² = 2.590x10⁶ m² = 0.4015x10¹⁰ in² = 2.788x10⁷ ft² = 3.098x10⁶ yd²=640 Acres
• 1 acre = 1/640 square mile = 0.404686 ha (Hectares) = 4,046.86 m² = 43,560.174 Sq.Ft. (Int) = 43,560 Sq.Ft. (US Survey) = 4840 Sq.Yds. = 40.46873 are
• 1 km² = 10² ha² = 10⁶ m² = 10¹⁰ cm² = 10¹² mm²
• 1 ha (Hectare) = 10⁴ m² = 10⁸ cm² = 10¹⁰ mm² = 2.471 Acres
• 1 cm² = 10^-4 m² = 0.155 in²
• 1 mm² = 1.55x10^-3in²
• 1 township = 36 square mile = 23040 acre = 36 section = 9.323957 10⁷ m² = 9324 hectare = 93.24 square kilometer
• 1 section = 1 square mile = 2.59 10⁶ m² = 2.59 square kilometer = 259 hectare = 3.0976 10⁶ square yards = 640 acre = 
• 1 are = 0.024711 acre (Int) = 1 sq dekameter = 1076.39 sq foot = 100 sq meter = 3.86102x10^-5 sq mile = 119.599 sq yard
• 1 barn = 1x10^-24 sq cm
• 1 centiare = 0.01 are = 10.764 sq foot = 1550 sq inch = 1 sq meter = 1.19599 sq yard
• 1 circular mil = 1x10^-6 circular inch = 5.06707x10^-6 sq cm = 7.85398x10^-7 sq inch = 0.000507 sq mm = 0.7854 sq mill
• 1 hectare = 2.471 acre 0 100 are = 1x10⁸ sq cm = 107639.1 sq foot = 10000 sq meter = 0.00386 sq mile = 395.367 sq rod
• 1 Marla = 30.25 Sq. Yards = 25.2928 Sq. Metres = 272.25 Sq. Feet = 0.00625 Acre = 0.05 Kanal

Capacitance

• 1 abfarad = 1x10⁹ farad = 1x10¹⁵ microfarad = 8.98755x10²⁰ statfarad
• 1 farad = 1x10^-9 abfarad = 1.00049 farads (Ínt) = 1x10⁶ microfarad = 8.98755x10¹¹ statfarad 

Conductance

• 1 abmho = 1000 megamho = 1x10⁹ mho = 8.98755x10²⁰ statmho

Current

• 1 abampere = 10 ampere = 1.03638x10^-4 faraday/sec(chem) = 2.99792x10¹⁰ statampere = 1 biot
• 1 ampere = 0.1 abampere = 1.00015 ampere (Int) = 1 coulomb/sec = 1.03638x10^-5 faraday/sec (chem) 1x10⁶microampere = 1000 milliampere = 2.99792x10⁹ statampere
• 1 ampere (Int) = 0.99985 ampere
• 1 biot = 10 ampere

Density

kg/cubic meter, gram/centimeter³, l_mb/cubic inch, lb_m/cubic foot, slug/cubic foot, kilogram/cubic meter, lbm/gallon (US liq)

• Density Water 1,000 kg/m³ = 62.43 Lbs./Cu.Ft = 8.33 Lbs./Gal. = 0.1337 Cu.Ft./Gal.
• 1 lb/ft³ = 16.018 kg/m³ = 0.016 g/cm³ = 0.00926 oz/in³ = 2.57 oz/gal (Imperial) = 2.139 oz/gal (U.S.) = 0.0005787 lb/in³ = 27 lb/yd³ = 0.161 lb/gal (Imperial) = 0.134 lb/gal (U.S) = 0.0121 ton/yd³
• 1 slug/ft³ = 515.379 kg/m³
• 1 kg/l = 62.43 lb/ft³
• 1 kg/m³ = 0.001 g/cm³ = 0.0005780 oz/in³ = 0.16036 oz/gal (Imperial) = 0.1335 oz/gal (U.S.) = 0.0624 lb/ft³ = 0.000036127 lb/in³ = 1.6856 lb/yd³ = 0.010022 lb/gal (Imperial) = 0.008345 lb/gal (U.S) = 0.0007525 ton/yd³

Electric Charge

• 1 abcoulomb = 0.00278 ampere-hour = 10 coulomb = 6.24151x10¹⁹ electronic charge = 1.03632x10^-4faraday (chem) = 2.99792x10¹⁰ statcoulomb
• 1 ampere hour = 360 abcoulomb = 3600 coulomb = 0.03731 faraday (chem)
• 1 coulomb = 0.1 abcoulomb = 0.000278 ampere hour = 1 ampere second = 1.00015002 coulomb (Int) = 1.0363x10^-5 faraday (chem) = 1.0360x10^-5 faraday (phys) = 2.9979x10⁹ statcoulomb

Electromotive Force, Voltage Difference

• abvolt = 0.01 microvolt = 1x10^-5 millivolt = 1x10^-8 volt

Energy, Unit of Heat

British Thermal Unit (Btu), calorie, joule, kilojoule, electron volt, erg, foot lb_f, foot poundal, kilocalorie, kilowatt hour, watt hour,

• 1 J (Joule) = 0,1020 kpm = 2.778x10^-7 kWh = 2.389x10^-4 kcal = 0.7376 ft lb_f = 1 (kg m²)/s² = 1 watt second = 1 Nm = 9.478x10^-4 Btu
• 1 kpm = 9.80665 J = 2.724x10^-6 kWh = 2.342x10^-3 kcal = 7.233 ft lb_f = 9.295x10^-3 Btu
• 1 kWh = 3.6x10⁶ J = 3.671x10⁵ kpm = 859.9 kcal = 2.656x10⁶ ft lb_f = 3.412x10³ Btu
• 1 kJ = 1 kNm = 1kWs = 10³ J = 0.947813 Btu = 737.6 ft lb_f = 0.23884 kcal
• 1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1,055.06 J = 107.6 kpm = 2.92875x10^-4 kWh = 251.996 calorie (IT - International Table calorie) = 0.252 kcal = 777.649 ft lb_f = 1.0544x10¹⁰ erg = 0.293 watt hour = 0.999331 Btu (Int Steam Tab) = 0.998560 Btu (mean) = 25020.1 foot-poundal = 107.514 kg force meter = 1.0751x10⁷ gram-force cm = 0.000393 hp-hour = 10.456 liter atm = 1054.35 wattsecond
• 1 cal = 4.186 J
• 1 kcal = 4186,8 J = 426,9 kp m = 1.163x10^-3 kWh = 3.088 ft lb_f = 3.9683 Btu = 1,000 cal
• 1 ft lb_f (foot pound force) = 1.3558 J = 0.1383 kp m = 3.766x10^-7 kWh = 3.238x10^-4 kcal = 1.285x10^-3 Btu
• 1 hp h (horse power hour) = 2.6846x10⁶ J = 0.7457 kWh
• 1 erg = 1 (g cm²)/s² = 10^-7 J = 1 dyne-centimeter
• 1 eV = 1.602x10^-19 J
• 1 Q = 10¹⁸ Btu = 1.055x10²¹ J
• 1 Quad = 10¹⁵ Btu
• 1 Therm = 100,000 Btu
• 1 kg m = 7.233 ft lb = 0.00929 Btu = 9.806 Joule

Energy per unit mass

• 1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g = 0.4299 Btu/ lb_m = 0.23884 kcal/kg
• 1 Btu/lb_m = 2.326 kJ/kg = 0.55 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 4.1868 kJ/kg = 1.8 Btu/lb_m

Flow - see Volume flow

Force

dyne, kilogram force (kgf), kilopound force, kip, lbf (pound force), ounce force (avoirdupois), poundal, newton

• 1 N (Newton) = 0.1020 kp = 7.233 pdl = 7.233/32.174 lb_f = 0.2248 lb_f = 1 (kg m)/s² = 10⁵ dyne = 1/9.80665 kg_f
• 1 lb_f (Pound force) = 4.44822 N = 0.4536 kp = 32.17 pdl = 4.448x10⁵ dyn
• 1 dyne = 1 (g cm)/s²
• 1 kg has a weight of 1 kp
• 1 kp (Kilopond) = 9.80665 N = 2.205 lb_f = 70.93 pdl
• 1 pdl (Poundal) = 0.13826 N = 0.01409 kp = 0.03108 lb_f

Frequency

• 1 hertz = 1 cycle/sec

Heat flow rate

• 1 Btu/sec = 1,055.1 W
• 1 kW (kJ/s) = 102.0 kpm/s = 859.9 kcal/h = 3,413 Btu/h = 1.360 hk = 1.341 hp = 738 ft lb/s = 1,000 J/s = 3.6x10⁶ J/h
• 1 kpm/s = 9.8067x10^-3 kW = 8.432 kcal/h = 32.47 Btu/h = 0.01333 hk = 0.01316 hp = 7.237 ft lb/s
• 1 kcal/h = 1.163x10^-3 kW = 0.1186 kpm/s = 3.969 Btu/h = 1.582x10^-3 hk = 1.560x10^-3 hp = 0.8583 ft lb/s
• 1 Btu/h = 2.931x10^-4 kW = 0.0299 kpm/s = 0.252 kcal/h = 3.986x10^-4 hk = 3.939x10^-4 hp = 0.2163 ft lb/s
• 1 kcal/h = 1.16x10^-3 kW
• 1 hk (metric horse power) = 0.735499 kW = 75.00 kpm/s = 632.5 kcal/h = 2,510 Btu/h = 0.9863 hp = 542.8 ft lb/s
• 1 hp = 0.74570 kW = 76.04 kpm/s = 641.2 kcal/h = 2,545 Btu/h = 1.014 hk = 550.3 ft lb/s
• 1 ft lb/s = 1.35501 kW = 0.1382 kpm/s = 1.165 kcal/h = 4.625 Btu/h = 1.843x10^-3 hk = 1.817x10^-3 hp

Heat flux

• 1 Btu/ft² = 2.713 kcal/m² = 2.043x10⁴ J/m²K
• 1 Btu/ ft² h = 3.1525 W/m²
• 1 Btu/ft^2 oF = 4.88 kcal/m²K = 2.043x10⁴ J/m²K
• 1 kcal/m² = 0.369 Btu/ft²
• 1 kcal/m²K = 0.205 Btu/ft^2oF

Heat generation per unit volume

• 1 Btu/ft³ = 8.9 kcal/m³ = 3.73x10⁴ J/m³
• 1 Btu/ft³ h = 10.343 W/m³
• 1 kcal/m³ = 0.112 Btu/ft³

Heat generation per unit mass

• 1 Btu/lb = 0.556 kcal/kg = 2,326 J/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 1.800 Btu/lb

Heat transfer coefficient

• 1 Btu/ft² h ^oF = 5.678 W/m² K = 4.882 kcal/h m^2 oC
• 1 W/m²K = 0.85984 kcal/h m^2 oC = 0.1761 Btu/ ft² h ^oF
• 1 kcal/h m^2 oC = 1.163 W/m²K = 0.205 Btu/ ft² h ^oF

Hydraulic Gradients

• 1 ftH₂O/100 ft = 0.44 psi/100 ft = 9.8 kPa/100 m = 1000 mmH₂O/100 m
• 1 psi/100 ft = 2.3 ftH₂O/100 ft = 2288 mmH₂O/100 ft = 22.46 kPa/100 m

Inductance

• abhenry = 1x10^-9 henry
• nery = 1x10⁹ abhenry = 0.9995 henry (Int) = 1000 millihenry = 1.113x10^-12 stathenry

Information Storage

• 1 bit = 0.125 byte (computers)
• 1 byte = 8 bit

Length

feet, meters, centimeters, kilometers, miles, furlongs, yards, micrometers, inches,angstrom, cubit, fathom, foot, hand, league, light year, micron, mil, nautical mile, rod,

• 1 m (meter) = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in = 1.0936 yd = 6.214x10^-4 mile
• 1 km = 0.6214 mile = 3281 ft = 1094 yds
• 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m = 0.08333 ft = 0.02778 yd = 1.578x10^-5 mile
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m = 12 in = 0.3333 yd = 1.894x10^-4 mile = 30.48 cm = 304.8 mm
• 1 mm = 10^-3 m
• 1 cm = 10^-2 m = 0.3937 in = 0.0328 ft = 1x10⁸ Aangstrom = 0.03281 foot = 0.0984 hand (horses) = 0.3937 inch = 1x10^-5 kilometer = 0.0497 link (Gunter) = 0.0328 (Ramden)  = 1000 micrometer = 1000 micron = 5.3996x10^-6 mile (naut) = 6.2137x10^-6 mile (US statute) = 10 millimeter = 1x10⁷ millimicron = 393.7 mil = 2.371 picas (printers) 28.4528 point (printers) = 0.00199 rod (US Survey) = 0.01094 yard
• 1 mm = 0.03937 in
• 1 Aangstrom = 10^-10 m = 1x10^-8 cm = 3.937x10^-9 inch = 1x10^-4 micrometer = 0.0001 micron = 0.1 millimicron
• 1 mile = 1.6093 km = 1,609.3 m = 63,346 in = 5,280 ft = 1,760 yd
• 1 mil (Norway and Sweden) = 10 kilometres
• 1 nm (nautical mile, sea mile) = 1,852 metres = 1.151 mile = 6076.1 feet = 0.016667 degree of latitude
• 1 yd (yard) = 0.9144 m = 36 in = 3 ft = 5.682x10^-4 mile
• 1 Furlong = 660 feet = 40 rods = 1/8 mile
• 1 rod = 5.5 yards
• 1 land league = 3 miles
• 1 Fathom = 6 feet = 1.828804 meters
• 1 astronomical unit = 1.496x10⁸ kilometer
• 1 cable (UK) = 0.00167 degree latitude = 185.37 meter
• 1 cable length (US Survey) = 120 fathom (US Survey) = 720 foot (US Survey) = 219.456 meter
• 1 caliber = 0.01 inch = 0.254 mm
• 1 chain (Gunter or US Survey) = 2011.7 centimeter = 66.00013 foot = 66 foot (US Survey) = 0.1 Furlong (US Survey) = 792 inch (US Survey) = 100 link (Gunter) = 66.00013 link (Ramden) = 20.117 meter = 0.0125 mile (US statute) = 4 rod (US Survey) = 22 yard (US Survey)
• 1 light year = 63241.08 astronomical unit = 9.46073x10¹² kilometer = 5.8786x10¹² mile (US statute) = 0.306601 parsec

Luminous Emittance (Illuminance)

• 1 lumen/sq ft = 1 foot candle = 1x10⁴ lux = 1 phot
• 1 lux = 0.0929 foot candle = 1 lumen /sq meter = 0.0001 phot

Luminous Flux

• 1 candle power = 12.566 lumen
• 1 lumen = 1 candela steradian = 0.07958 candle power (spherical) = 0.0015 watt

Luminous Intensity

• 1 candela = 1.091 hefner candle (Germ) = 1 lumen/steradian

Magnetic Flux Density

• 1 gamma flux = 1x10^-5 gauss =  1 x10^-6 gram = 1 microgram = 1x10^-9 tesla
• 1 gauss = 0.9997 gauss (Int) = 1x10⁵ gamma = 1 gilbert/cm = 1 maxwell/sq cm = 1 line/sq cm = 6.4516 line/sq inch = 1x10^-4 tesla  = 1x10^-8 weber/sq cm = 6.452x10^-8 weber/sq inch = 1x10^-4 weber/sq meter

Magnitude of a Physical Quantity (Power or intensity relative to a specified or implied reference level)

• 1 bel = 10 decibel
• 1 decibel = 0.1 bel

Mass, Weight

pounds, kilograms, grams, ounces, grains, tons (long), tons (short), tons (metric), carat, grain, ounce mass, pound mass (lb_m), slug, tonne

• 1 kg = 1,000 gram = 2.2046 lb = 6.8521x10^-2 slug
• 1 lb_m = 16 oz = 0.4536 kg = 453.6 g = 7000 grains = 0.03108 slug
• 1 slug = 14.594 kg = 32.174 lb_m
• 1 grain = 0.000143 lb = 0.0648 g
• 1 g = 15.43 grains = 0.0353 oz = 0.002205 lb
• 1 qt = 0.9464 liters
• 1 metric ton (or tonne) = 1 tonne métrique = 1000 kg = 10⁶ g = 10⁹ mg = 1.10231131 short tons 
• 1 short ton = 2000 lbs = 907.18474  kg
• 1 long ton = 2240 pounds = 1,016.0469088 kg
• 1 oz (ounce) = 28.35 g = 437.5 grains = 0.0625 lb = 0.0000279 long ton (UK) = 0.00003125 long ton (US) = 0.000558 long hundredweight (UK) = 0.000625 long hundredweight (US) = 0.004464 stone = 16 dram
• 1 troy pound = 12 troy ounces
• 1 troy ounce = 1/12 troy pound = 31.1034768 grams = 480 grains
• 1 scruple = 20 grains
• 1 dram = 3 scruples
• 1 apothecary ounce = 8 drams
• 1 apothecary pound = 12 apothecary ounces
• 1 pennyweight = 24 grains
• 1 Gal. H₂O = 8.33 Lbs. H₂O
• 1 cental (US) = 45.359 kilogram = 100 pound
• 1 carat (metric) = 3.0865 grain = 0.2 gram = 200 milligram
• 1 hectogram = 100 gram = 0.26769 pound (apoth or troy) = 0.2205 pound (avdp)
• Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity - An introduction and definition of density, specific weight and specific gravity. Formulas with examples.

Mass flow rate

• 1 lb/h = 1.26x10^-4 kg/s
• 1 lb/s = 0.4536 kg/s
• 1 lb/min = 7.56x10^-3 kg/s = 27.216 kg/s
• 1 kg/s = 3,600 kg/h = 132.28 lb/min
• 1 kg/h = 2.778x10^-4 kg/s = 3.67x10^-2 lb/min

Moment of Inertia

• 1 kg m² = 10000 kg cm² = 54675 ounce in² = 3417.2 lb in² = 23.73 lb ft²

Nautical Measure

• 1 league = 3 nautical miles
• 1 nautical mile = 6067.10 feet = 1.1508 statute miles 
• 1 knot (nautical unit of speed) = 1 nautical mile per hour
• one degree at the equator = 60 nautical miles = 69.047 statute miles
• 360 degrees = 21600 nautical miles = 24856.8 statute miles = circumference at equator

Power

horsepower, kilowatt, watt,btu/second, calorie/second, foot lbf/second, kilocalorie/second

• 1 W = 1 kg m²/s³ = 1 Nm/s = 1 J/s = 10,000,000 ergs per second
• 1 kW = 1,000 Watts = 3,412 Btu/h = 737.6/550 British hp = 1.341 British hp = 10³/9.80665 kg_f m/s = 737.6 ft lb_f/s = 10³/(9.80665 75) metric hp
• 1 hp (English horse power) = 745.7 W = 0.746 kW = 550 ft lb/s = 2,545 Btu/h = 33.000 ft lb/m = 1.0139 metric horse power ~= 1.0 KVA
• 1 horsepower (mech) = 2542.47 Btu (mean)/hr = 42.375 Btu (mean)/min = 0.7062 Btu (mean)/sec = 6.416x10⁵ calorie/hr (termo) = 6.412x10⁵ calorie (IST)/hr = 6.4069x10⁵ calorie(mean)/hr = 10694 calorie/min (thermo) = 10686 calorie (IST)/min = 10678 calorie (mean)/min = 10.686 calorie, kg/min (IST) = 7.457x10⁹erg/sec = 1980000 foot pound-force/hr = 33000 foot pound-force/min = 550 foot pound-force/sec = 0.076 horsepower (boiler) = 0.9996 horsepower (electric) = 1.0139 horsepower (metric) = 745.7 joule/sec = 0.7457 kilowatt = 0.7456 kilowatt (Int) = 0.212 ton of refrigeration = 745.7 watt
• 1 horsepower (boiler) = 33445.6 Btu (mean)/hr = 140671.6 calorie/min (thermo) = 140469.4 calorie (mean)/min = 140742.3 calorie (20^oC)/min 9.8095x10¹⁰ erg/sec = 434107 foot-pound-force/min = 13.1548 horsepower (mech) = 13.1495 horsepower (electric) = 13.3372 horsepower (metric) = 13.1487 horsepower (water) = 9809.5 joule/sec = 9.8095 kilowatt
• 1 horsepower (electric) =  2547.16 Btu/hr (thermo) = 2545.46  Btu (IST)/hr = 2543.49 Btu (mean)/hr = 178.298 calorie/sec (thermo) = 641.87 calorie, kg/hr (thermo) = 7.46x10⁹ erg/sec = 33013 foot pound-force/min = 550.2 foot pound-force/sec = 1.0004 horsepower (mech) = 0.07605 horsepower (boiler) = 1.01428 horsepower (metric) = 0.99994 horsepower (water) = 746 joule/sec = 0.746 kilowatt = 746 watt
• 1 horsepower (metric) = 2511.3 Btu/hr (thermo) = 2509.6 Btu (IST)/hr = 2507.7 Btu (mean)/hr = 6.328x10⁵calorie/hr (thermo) = 6.324x10⁵ calorie (IST)/hr = 6.319x10⁵ calorie (mean)/hr = 7.35x10⁹ ergs/sec = 32548.6 foot pound-force/min = 542.476 foot pound-force/sec = 0.9863 horsepower (mech) = 0.07498 horsepower (boiler) = 0.9859 horsepower (electric) = 0.98587 horsepower (water) = 75 kg-force meter/sec (kg m/s) = 0.7355 kilowatt =   735.499 W = 75 kg m/s
• 1 horsepower (water) = 33015 foot pound-force/min = 1.00046 horsepower (mech) = 0.07605 horsepower (boiler) = 1.00006 horsepower (electric) = 1.01434 horsepower (metric) = 0.746043 kilowatt
• 1 refrigeration Ton = 12,000 Btu/h cooling = 3.516 kW = 3,025.9 k Calories/h
• 1 cooling tower Ton = 15,000 Btu/h = 3,782 k Calories/h
• 1 ft lb/s = 1.3558 W
• 1 Btu/s = 1055.1 W
• 1 Btu/h = 1 Btuh = 0.293 W = 0.001 MBH
• 1 cheval vapeur (French) = 0.98632 horsepower

Power per unit area

• 1 W/m² = 0.3170 Btu/(h ft²) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m²)

Pressure

atmosphere, centimeters of mercury, foot of water, bar, barye, centimeter of water, dyne/centimeter², inch of mercury, inch of water, kgf/centimeter², kgf/meter², lbf/foot², lbf/inch² (psi), millibar, millimeter of mercury, pascal, torr, newton/meter²

• Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m² = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psia = 0 psig = 29.92 in Hg = 760 torr = 33.95 Ft.H₂O = 407.2 In.W.G (Water Gauge) = 2116.8 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
• 1 N/m² = 1 Pa = 1.4504x10^-4 lb/in² = 1x10^-5 bar = 4.03x10^-3 in water = 0.336x10^-3 ft water = 0.1024 mm water = 0.295x10^-3 in mercury = 7.55x10^-3 mm mercury = 0.1024 kg/m² = 0.993x10^-5 atm
• 1 Pa = 10^-6 N/mm² = 10^-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m² = 1.02x10^-4 m H₂O = 9.869x10^-6 atm = 1.45x10^-4 psi (lbf/in²)
• 1 N/mm² = 10⁶ Pa = 10 bar = 1.020x10⁵ kp/m² = 102.0 m H₂O = 9.869 atm = 145.0 psi (lbf/in²)
• 1 mmHg = 1 torr = 0.01934 lb/in²
• 1 atm = 101,325 Pa (N/m²) = 1.013x10² kN/m² = 1.033x10⁴ kp/m² = 1.033 kp/cm² = 1.013 bar = 14.696 psi (lb/in²) = 407.1 in H₂O at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 33.9 ft H₂O at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 10.33 m H₂O at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 29.92 in mercury at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 760 mm mercury at 62 ⁰F (16.7 ^oC) = 760 torr
• 1 bar = 1x10⁵ Pa (N/m²) = 0.1 N/mm² = 10,197 kp/m² = 10.20 m H₂O = 0.98692 atm = 14.5038 psi (lb_f/in²) = 1x10⁶ dyne/sq cm = 750 mmHg = 1x10⁶ barye (French) = 75.0062 cm Hg (0^oC) = 33.4883 ft H₂O (60^oF) = 1019.72 gram-force/sq cm = 29.530 in Hg (32^oF) = 1.01972 kg-force/sq cm = 1000 millibar = 2088.54 pound-force/sq foot
• 1 kp/m² = 9.81 Pa (N/m²) = 9.807x10^-6 N/mm² = 10^-3 m H₂O = 1 mm H₂O = 0.9681x10^-4 atm = 1.422x10^-3 psi (lb/in²) = 0.0394 in H₂O = 0.0736 mm mercury
• 1 psi (lb/in²) = 144 psf (lb_f/ft²) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m²) = 6.895x10^-3 N/mm² = 6.895x10^-2 bar = 27.71 in H₂O at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 703.1 mm H₂O at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62^oF (16.7^oC) = 703.6 kg/m² = 0.06895 atm = 2.307 Ft. H₂O = 16 ounces
• 1 psf (lb_f/ft²) = 47.88 N/m² (Pa) = 0.006944 lb_f/in² (psi)
• 1 dyn/cm² = 145.04x10^-7 lb_f/in²
• 1 in mercury (Hg) = 3,376.8 N/m²= 0.49 lb/in² = 12.8 in water
• 1 Ounce = 1.73 In.W.C.
• 1 Ft.H₂O = 0.4335 psi = 62.43 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
• 1 in water = 248.8 N/m²= 0.0361 lb/in² = 25.4 kg/m² = 0.0739 in mercury
• 1 m H₂O = 9806.7 Pa = 9.807x10^-3 N/mm² = 0.0987 bar = 1,000 kp/m² = 0.09678 atm = 1.422 psi (lb_f/in²)
• 1 mm water = 9.81 Pa (N/m²) = 1 kg/m² = 0.0736 mm mercury = 0.9677x10^-4 atm
• 1 mm mercury = 0.0193 lb/in² = 133 N/m² = 12.8 mm water
• 1 barye (French) = 1.0 dyne/sq cm = 0.10 newton/sq meter = 0.10 Pascal

Note! When using pressure units based on liquid columns (like mm Water, in Water, mm Hg ...) - be aware that densities of liquids varies with temperature. For more exact conversions consult temperature density sources for the actual liquids.      

Radioactivity

• 1 becquerel = 2.7027x10^-11 curie = 1 disintegration/sec

Resistance, Electrical

• 1 abohm = 1x10^-15 megohm = 0.001 microohm = 1x10^-9 ohm

Rotation

revolutions,

• 1 r/min (rpm) = 0.01667 r/s = 0.105 rad/s
• 1 r/s = 60 r/min = 6.28 rad/s
• 1 rad/s = 9.55 r/min (rpm) = 0.159 r/s (rps)

Specific energy, enthalpy, entropy

• 1 Btu/lb_m = 2,326.1 J/kg = 0.55556 kcal/kg = 778.2 ft lb_f / lb_m = 3.9 10^-4 hp hr / lb_m = 5.4 lb_f/in² / lb_m/ft³ = 0.237 kp m / g = 5.56 10^-4 kcal/g = 2.326 kJ/kg
• 1 J/kg = 4.299x10^-4 Btu/lb_m = 2.388x10^-4 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 1.80 Btu/lb_m = 4,187 J/kg

Specific heat capacity

• 1 J/(kg K) = 2.389x10^-4 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 2.389x10^-4 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)
• 1 kJ/(kg K) = 0.2389 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 0.2389 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)
• 1 Btu/(lb_m ^oF) = 4,186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 kcal/(kg ^oC)
• 1 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 4,186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)

Specific Energy

• 1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g = 0.4299 Btu/ lb_m = 0.23884 kcal/kg
• 1 Btu/lb_m = 2.326 kJ/kg = 0.55 kcal/kg
• 1 kcal/kg = 4.1868 kJ/kg = 1.8 Btu/lb_m

Specific Volume

• 1 m³/kg = 16.02 ft³/lb_m = 27680 in³/lb_m = 119.8 US gal/lb_m = 1000 liter/kg
• 1 liter/kg = 0.016 ft³/lb_m = 27.7 in³/lb_m = 0.12 US gal/lb_m = 0.001 m³/kg
• 1 ft³/lb_m = 1728 in³/lb_m = 7.48 US gal/lb_m = 62.43 liter/kg = 0.062 m³/kg
• 1 in³/lb_m = 0.00058 ft³/lb_m = 0.0043 US gal/lb_m = 0.036 liter/kg = 0.000036 m³/kg
• 1 US gal/lb_m = 0.134 ft³/lb_m = 231 in³/lb_m = 8.35 liter/kg = 0.0083 m³/kg

Stress

• 1 psi (lb/in²) = 144 psf (lb_f/ft²)= 6,894.8 Pa (N/m²) = 6.895x10^-3 N/mm²
• 1 N/m² = 1 Pa = 1.4504x10^-4 lb/in²

Surveyor's Measure

• 1 mile = 8 furlongs = 80 chains
• 1furlong = 10 chains = 220 yards
• 1 chain = 4 rods = 22 yards = 66 feet = 100 links
• 1 link = 7.92 inches

Temperature

celsius, rankine, kelvin, centigrade, fahrenheit,

• 1 ^oC (dt) = 1.8 ^oF (dt ) - temperature difference
• 1 ^oF (dt) = 0.555 ^oC (dt) - temperature difference
• 0 ^oC corresponds to 32 ^oF, 273.16 K and 491.69 R
• 1 ^oR = 5/9 K
• T(^oF) = [T(^oC)](9/5) + 32
• T(^oF) = [T(K) - 273.15](9/5) + 32
• T(^oC) = 5/9[T(^oF) - 32]

Thermal Conductivity

• 1 W/(m K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m ^oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h ^oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h ^oF)
• 1 Btu/(ft h ^oF) = 1.731 W/(m K) = 1.488 kcal/(h m ^oC)
• 1 kcal/(h m ^oC) = 1.163 W/(m K) = 0.6720 Btu/(ft h ^oF)

Thermal Diffusivity

• 1 ft² /s = 0.0929 m²/s
• 1 ft² /h = 2.581x10^-5 m²/s

Thermal resistance

• 1 (h ^oF)/Btu = 1.8958 K/W

Time

year, month, day, hour, minute, second, millisecond

• 1 h = 3600 s = 60 min
• 1 ms (millisecond) = 10^-3 s
• 1 μs (microsecond) = 10^-6 s
• 1 ns (nanosecond) = 10^-9 s
• 1 day (mean solar) = 1.0027379 day (sidereal) = 24 hour (mean solar) = 24.06571 hour (sidereal) = 0.0027397 year (calendar) = 0.002738 year (sidereal) = 0.002738 year (tropical)

Torque, Moment

foot-pound torque, newton-meter

• 1 ft lb = 1.356 Nm

Velocity, Speed

foot/second, inch/second, meter/second, kilometer/hour, knot, mile/hour,nautical mile per hour

• 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s
• 1 ft/min = 5.08x10^-3 m/s = 0.0183 km/h = 0.0114 mph
• 1 mph = 0.44703 m/s = 1.609 km/h = 88 ft/min = 5280 ft/hr = 1.467 Ft./sec. = 0.8684 knots
• 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h = 196.85 ft/min = 2.237 mph
• 1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s = 54.68 ft/min = 0.6214 mph = 0.5396 knot
• 1 knot (nautical mile per hour) = 0.514444444 m/s = 1.852 kilometers per hour = 1.1515 miles per hour= 1 nautical miles per hour
• 1 League = 3.0 Miles
• 1 cm/sec = 1.9685 foot/min = 0.0328 foot/sec = 0.036 km/hr = 0.0194 knots (Int) = 0.6 meter/min = 0.02237 mile/hr = 0.000373 mile/min 

Viscosity Dynamic

• 1 lb/(ft s) = 1.4879 Pa s = 14.88 P = 1,488 cP = 0.1517 kp s/m²
• 1 cP (Centipoise) = 10^-3 Pa s = 0.01 Poise = 1.020x10^-4 kp s/m² = 6.721x10^-4 lb/(ft s) = 0.00100 (N s)/m² = 0.01 gram/(cm sec) = 2.4191 lb/(ft hr)
• 1 kg/(m s ) = 1 (N s)/m² = 0.6720 lb_m/(ft s) = 10 Poise
• 1 P (Poise) = 0.1 Pa s = 100 cP = 1.020x10^-2 kp s/m² = 6.721x10^-2 lb/(ft s) = 0.1 kg/ms
• 1 Pa s (N s/m²) = 10 P (Poise) = 10³ cP = 0.1020 kp s/m² = 0.6721 lb/(ft s)
• 1 kp s/m² = 9.80665 Pa s = 98.07 P = 9,807 cP = 6.591 lb/(ft s)
• 1 reyns = 1 1b_f s/in² = 6894.76 Pa s
• Dynamic, Absolute and Kinematic Viscosity - An introduction to dynamic, absolute and kinematic viscosity and how to convert between CentiStokes (cSt), CentiPoises (cP), Saybolt Universal Seconds (SSU) and degree Engler.

Viscosity Kinematic

• 1 ft²/s = 0.0929 m²/s
• 1 ft²/ h = 2.581x10^-5m²/s
• 1 St (Stokes) = 1x10^-4 m²/s = 100 cSt = 1.076x10^-3 ft²/s
• 1 m²/s = 10⁴ St = 10⁶ cSt = 10.764 ft²/s= 38750 ft²/h
• 1 cSt (Centistoke) = 10^-6 m²/s = 0.01 Stokes = 1.076x10^-5 ft²/s = 1 square mm/sec

Volume

barrel, gallon, cubic centimeter (cm³), cubic feet (foot³), cubic inch (inch³), cubic meter (meter³), cubic yard (yard³), quarts, liters, acre foot, board foot, bushel, cord, cup, dram, fluid ounce, peck, pint, quart, tablespoon, teaspoon,

• 1 ft³ = 0.02832 m³= 28.32 dm³ = 0.03704 yd³ = 6.229 Imp. gal (UK) = 7.481 gal (US) = 1,728 cu inch = 2.296x10^-5 acre foot = 12 board foot (timber) = 0.7786 bushel (UK) = 0.8036 bushel (US, dry) = 0.00781 cord (firewood) = 0.0625 cord foot (timber) = 28316.8 cu centimeter = 6.42851 gallon (US, dry) = 7.48052 gallon (US, liq) = 28.3168 liter = 996.614 ounce (UK, liq) = 957.506 ounce (US, liq) = 51.4281 pint (US, dry) = 59.84442 pint (US, liq) = 25.714 quart (US, dry) = 29.922 quart (US, liq)
• 1 in³ = 1.6387x10^-5 m³ = 1.639x10^-2 dm³ (liter) = 16.39 cm³ = 16390 mm³ = 0.000579 ft³
• 1 Gallon (U.S.) = 3.785x10^-3 m³ = 3.785 dm³ (liter) = 231 in³ = 0.13368 ft³ = 4.951x10^-3 yd³ = 0.8327 Imp. gal (UK) = 4 Quarts = 8 Pints
• 1 Imp. gallon (UK) = 4.546x10^-3 m³ = 4.546 dm³ = 0.1605 ft³ = 5.946x10^-3 yd³ = 1.201 gal (US)
• 1 dm³ (Liter) = 10^-3 m³ = 0.03532 ft³ = 1.308x10^-3 yd³ = 0.220 Imp gal (UK) = 0.2642 Gallons (US) = 1.057 Quarts = 2.113 Pints
• 1 yd³ = 0.7646 m³ = 764.6 dm³ = 27 ft³ = 168.2 Imp. gal (UK) = 202.0 gal (US) = 46,656 Cu.In. = 1616 Pints = 807.9 Quarts = 764.6 Liters
• 1 pint (pt) = 0.568 dm³ (liter) = 16 fl. oz. (fluid ounce) = 28.88 in³
• 1 km³ = 10⁹ m³ = 10¹² dm³ (liter) = 10¹⁵ cm³ = 10¹⁸ mm³
• 1 cm³ = 0.061 in³ = 0.00042 board foot = 2.7496x10^-5 bushel (UK) = 2.8378x10^-5 bushel (US, dry) = 3.5315x10^-5 cu foot = 0.06102 cu inch = 1x10^-6 cu meter = 1.308x10^-6 cu yard = 0.28156 drachm (UK, liq) = 0.27051 dram (US, liq) = 0.000227 gallon (UK) = 0.00027 gallon (US, dry) = 0.000264 gallon (US, liq) = 0.0074 gill (UK) = 0.00845 gill (US) = 0.001 liter = 0.035195 ounce (UK, liq) = 0.033814 ounce (US, liq) = 0.00182 pint (US, dry) = 0.00211 pint (US, liq) = 0.00088 quart (UK) = 0.00091 quart (US, dry) = 0.00106 quart (US, liq)
• 1 m³ = 10³ dm³ (liter) = 35.31 ft³ = 1.3093 yd³ = 220.0 Imp. gal (UK) = 264.2 gal (US) = 61,023 Cu.In. = 35.31 Cu.Ft = 0.1 decistere
• 1 Hogshead = 63 gallon = 8.42184 Cu.Ft
• 1 barrel (UK) = 1.5 bag (UK) = 1.41541 barrel (US, dry) = 1.37251 barrel (US, liq) = 4.5 bushel (UK) = 4.64426 bushel (US, dry) = 5.77957 cu ft = 0.16366 cu meter =  36 gallon (UK) = 163.6592 liter
• 1 barrel beer = 31.5 gallons beer
• 1 barrel (US, oil) = 1.33 barrel (US, liq) = 5.61458 cu foot = 42 gallons (US, liq) = 158.9873 liter
• 1 barrel (US, dry) = 0.969696 barrel (US, liq) = 3.28122 bushel (US, dry) = 4.0833 cu ft = 7056 cu inch = 0.11563 cu meter = 104.999 quart (US, dry)
• 1 barrel (US, liq) = 1.03125 barrel (US, dry) = 0.75 barrel (US, oil) = 4.2109 cu foot = 7276.5 cu inch = 0.11924 cu meter = 26.22924 gallon (UK) = 31.5 gallon (US, liq) = 119.24 liter =
• 1 bushel = 1.2445 Cu.Ft. = 32 Quarts (Dry) = 64 Pints (dry) = 4 Pecks
• 1 bushel (UK) = 0.3333 bag (UK) = 1.03206 bushel (US) = 36368.7 cu cm = 1.28435 cu foot = 2219 cu inch = 8 gallon (UK) =  36.3687 liter
• 1 bushel (US, dry) = 0.30476 barrel (US, dry) = 0.96894 bushel (UK) = 35239.07 cu cm = 1.24446 cu foot = 2150.42 cu inch = 0.03524 cu meter 0.04609 cu yard = 8 gallon (US, dry) = 9.30918 gallon (US, liq) = 35.23907 liter = 1191.57 ounce (US, liq) = 4 peck (US) = 64 pint (US, dry) = 32 quart (US, dry) = 37.23671 quart (US, liq) 
• 1 quart (qt) = 2 pints = 57.75 in³ = 1/8 dry quarts
• 1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) = 2 tablespoons = 1.805 in³ = 29.574 milliliters
• 1 cord (firewood) = 128 cu foot = 8 cord foot (timber) = 3.6246 cu meter
• 1 cord foot (timber) = 0.125 cord (firewood) = 16 cu foot
• 1 peck = 8 dry quarts
• 1 cup = 8 fl.oz. (fluid ounce)
• 1 cup (metric) = 200 milliliter
• 1 cup, tea = 0.25 pint = 142.06 milliliter
• 1 board foot = piece of lumber 1 foot wide x 1 foot long x 1 inch thick = 2359.74 cu cm = 0.083333 cu foot = 144 cu inch
• 1 acre foot = 43560 cu foot = 1233.482 cu meter = 1613.33 cu yard = 3.259x10⁵ gallon (US liquid)
• 1 acre inch = 3630 cu foot = 102.7901531 cu meter = 134.44 cu yard = 27154.286 gallon (US)
• 1 bucket (UK) = 18184.35 cu cm = 4 gallon (UK)
• 1 butt (UK. liq) = 16.2549 bushel (US) = 20.2285 cu foot = 0.57281 cu meter = 151.3197 gallon (US)
• 1 chaldron (UK, liq) = 36 bushel (UK)
• 1 dram (US, liq) = 3.6967 cu cm = 0.225586 cu inch = 1.04084 drachm (UK, liq) = 0.03125 gill (US) = 3.69669 millimeter = 60 minim (US) = 0.125 ounce (US, liq) = 0.0078125 pint (US, liq)
• 1 fifth (US, liq) = 17.067 jigger (US, liq) = 0.75708 liter = 25.6 ounce (US, liq) = 1.6 pint (US, liq) = 25.6 pony (US, liq) = 0.8 quartt (US, liq) = 25.6 shot (US, liq)
• 1 firkin (UK) = 1.125 bushel (UK) =  40914.8 cu cm = 1.44489 cu foot = 1.20095 firkin (US) = 9 gallon (UK) = 40.91481 liter = 72 pint (UK)
• 1 hectoliter = 2.7496 bushel (UK) = 2.8378 bushel (US, dry) = 1x10⁵ cu cm = 3.5315 cu foot = 26.417 gallon (US, liq) = 100 liter = 3381.4 ounce (US, liq) = 11.351 peck (US)

Volume Flow

• 1 dm³/s (kg/s water) = 13.20 Imp. gal (UK)/min
• 1 m³/s = 3,600 m3/h = 1,000 dm³(liter)/s = 35.32 ft³/s = 2,118.9 ft³/min = 13,200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15,852 gal (US)/min
• 1 m³/h = 2.7778x10^-4 m³/s = 0.2778 dm³(litre)/s = 9.810x10^-3 ft³/s = 0.5886 ft³/min (cfm) = 3.667 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 4.403 gal (US)/min
• 1 m³/h = 10³ dm³(litre)/h = 16.67 dm³(litre)/min = 0.27878 dm³(litre)/s
• 1 ft³/min = 1.7 m³/h = 0.47 l/s = 62.43 Lbs.H₂O/Min.
• 1 dm³(litre)/s = 10^-3 m³/s = 3.6 m³/h = 0.03532 ft³/s = 2.1189 ft³/min (cfm) = 13.200 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 15.852 gal (US)/min = 792 Imp. gal (UK)/h
• 1 dm³(litre)/s = 60 litre/min = 3,600 litre/h
• 1 ft³/s = 0.0283168 m³/s = 101.9 m3/h = 28.32 dm³(litre)/s = 60 ft³/min = 373.7 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 448.9 gal (US)/min
• 1 Imp.gal (UK)/min = 7.57682x10^-5 m³/s = 0.273 m3/h = 0.0758 dm³(litre)/s = 2.675x10^-3 ft³/s = 0.1605 ft³/min = 1.201 gal (US)/min
• 1 gal (US)/min =6.30888x10^-5 m³/s = 0.227 m³/h = 0.06309 dm³(litre)/s = 2.228x10^-3 ft³/s = 0.1337 ft³/min = 0.8327 Imperial gal (UK)/min

ASME CODES

B31 Code for pressure piping, developed by American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME, covers Power Piping, Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components and Building Services Piping. ASME B31 was earlier known as ANSI B31.

B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping

Piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.

B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping

This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).

B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping

Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals.
This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly.

B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids

This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points.
Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations
Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this Code are:

• (A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and prover loop;
• (B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities;
• (C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been set aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk plants;
• (D) Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping systems.

B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components

This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically excluded in the following paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions.
This Code shall not apply to:

• (a) any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing laboratory:
• (b) water piping;
• (c) piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa) regardless of size; or
• (d) pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps,

but does include all connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus.

B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems

This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of those facilities.

B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines

This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport gas.
Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.
The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and processes.
The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system.

B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping

This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1.
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the building or within the property limits.

B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems

Design, construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping systems.
Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.

B31G - 1991 - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines

piping ...

Every wanted to work in a challeging and interesting location? #Kuwait offers new opportunities for #Piping #Design #Engineer. THINK YOU CAN TAKE ON A GREAT NEW #oil & #gas POSITION? Contact me.	11 comments » Like »
Started by Deborah Gould
Hi, please, I´d like more details. fernandoarmi@hotmail.com... More »By Fernando Armisen Navascues

Piping Designers UK Positions	2 comments » Like »
Started by Daniel Sugarman
hello Daniel,... More »By Anand Maisuria

Discussions (1)

Looking for 2 PDS Piping Designers to work for an EPC in Surrey on an FPSO project. Long-Term contract roles. Please call on 01483 881584	8 comments » Like »
Started by Adrian Robertson, Account Manager Oil & Gas EPC Division at Petroplan
Adrian ,... More »By Anand Maisuria, Sr.Piping Designer at Foster Wheeer Asia Pacific,Pte,Ltd,

CAD,TESTING JOBS

Senior Test Engineer (5 - 10 Yrs.)

Roland & Associates

Hi, Client :US Based MNC Position Overview Responsible for ensuring the quality delivery of world class carrier-class platforms. Design and execute hardware/software test plans, documentin...

Apply Now

Quality Manager - KPO Domain . (5 - 9 Yrs.)

client of TIE-UPS.

Must be CA or CPA .Big 4 exp preferred,strong team lead background,manage ongoing operational reporting for group.maintain quality and time schedule for project.metrics driven in approach.ba...

Apply Now

Application & Code quality analyst/ Administrator (4 - 8 Yrs.)

ICS Consultancy Services

Role: Application & Code quality analyst/ Cast administrator Keywords: CAST, Code quality, Application quality, Software quality, Administrator, Analyst, Quality, Assessment, Fxcop, PMD,...

Apply Now

SSE QA (4 - 7 Yrs.)

Inspiration Manpower

Generate test cases from SRS and other documents Prepare test plans and perform functional testing, system testing, load testing, performance testing, etc. Document all test cases and res...

Apply Now

SQL QA (4 - 7 Yrs.)

Inspiration Manpower consultancy pvt ltd

Experience of 4 to 7 years in Software Testing. Conversant with devising test cases from Software Requirements Specification is a must. Exposure to different testing methodologies is ess...

1	M/s Al Suroor United Group  ) Architectural Engineers Planning Engineers - Electrical & Mechanical Mechanical Project Engineers Mechanical Engineers Boiler Engineers Electrical Engineers Chemical Engineers Civil Engineers Pre-cast Makers/ Decorative Cement Mechanical/ Structural Designers Auto Electricians Diesel	Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia)
2	Large International Engineering Company  , Mechanical, Civil and Structural, Electrical, Instrumentation, PipingDesign Engineers with 5 to 20 years of experience in the above field with reputed Consultants/ Engineering Organisations. Experienced Designers preferably with PDS/ PDMS background can also apply. Interested candidates may apply	Kolkata (Calcutta) (West Bengal, India)
3	engineer required  with good exp in designing shoud apply with stadd pro,cad and other latetst Design software exp is manadatory. Functional Area:  Engineering Design/Production	Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh, India)
4	Hyundai Motor India Limited  is necessary. Basic computer knowledge must. Service Service Manager Candidate's should be B.E. Mechanical/ Automobile with 5 years of experience or Diploma in Automobile with 10 years of experience in Automobile or related Industry. Knowledge of AutoDiagnostics, Mechanical &, Electrical repair	Chandigarh (Chandigarh, India); Mohali (Punjab, India); Ambala (Haryana, India)
5	MP Christian College of Engineering & Technology  April respectively. Applications are invited for the below mentioned Posts in Engineering Disciplines, CAD/CAM-Robotics, Mechanical, Electronics & Telecom, Electrical, Computer Science, I.T, Civil, and in S & H Disciplines, Mathematics, English, Physics & Chemistry. Principal - Candidates should	Bhilai (Chhattisgarh, India)
6	M/s. Al Suwaidi Industrial Services Co. Ltd.  Shop & Fabrication. HVAC Technicians Cad Operators: Exp. in Mechanical & Civil Drawings, Hydraulic Technicians Machinists: Exp. in Conventional Machines (Lathe/ Milling) Analyzer Technicians Millwright Technicians: Exp. in overhauling of Pumps/ Compressors/ Turbines. Operators, Drivers	Saudi Arabia (Saudi Arabia)